Political unrest can be triggered by various factors. The most common trigger is a group’s frustration with a particular aspect of their lives which can turn into a protest, strike or rioting. These types of occurrences can also lead to rebellion or revolution depending on how serious the situation is.
The most significant cause of political unrest is economic inequality. When wealth is disproportionately distributed, marginalised groups feel excluded from the benefits of national growth and are left with grievances that can grow into widespread protests and social instability. Inequality undermines the ability of government institutions to deliver basic services and reduces trust in the system.
Other important causes of political unrest include corruption and the perception of injustice. Corruption erodes public confidence in governments and can be the spark that ignites protests or even civil war. This is particularly the case in countries with weak institutional frameworks for addressing grievances and channeling demands. Perceptions of injustice can also be fuelled by cultural tensions exploited by demagogues and nationalists.
Climate change is another significant driver of political unrest as it leads to food insecurity, resource scarcity and extreme weather. Protests organised by organisations such as Extinction Rebellion and Just Stop Oil highlight the rising concern of many citizens over climate change.
While political violence dropped during the pandemic, it is possible that it will rise as restrictions lift and economic pressures persist. IMF research suggests that a rise in political unrest could harm the global economy’s recovery by reducing consumer spending and production of goods and services.
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